SUB ICT COMPUTER HARDWARE OVERVIEW / NOTES (S5 SUB ICT NOTES NEW CURRICULUM)

TOPIC OVERVIEW: COMPUTER HARDWARE

Theme: Computer Basics | Duration: 20 Periods

Introduction

This topic introduces learners to the physical components that make up a computer system — collectively referred to as computer hardware. Understanding hardware is foundational to studying ICT, as it helps learners identify, use, and care for the tangible devices that run software and perform digital tasks.

Learners will explore various types of hardware devices, learn how they work together in a system, and understand their roles in input, processing, storage, and output. Emphasis is also placed on distinguishing between different hardware categories, proper handling and maintenance, and the relationship between hardware and software.

Expanded Learning Activities

1. Discuss the meaning of hardware
Learners begin by defining hardware as all the physical and tangible parts of a computer system — the parts you can see and touch. This includes both internal components like the CPU and external devices like the keyboard. Understanding this distinction sets the foundation for further learning.

2. Identify hardware components in the laboratory
Learners observe and list hardware found in their environment. These may include the monitor, mouse, system unit, printer, and cables. This real-world interaction helps them recognize devices they will regularly use and maintain.

3. Categorise components into input, output, storage, communication, and processing devices
Learners group hardware based on their roles:

• Input Devices: Keyboard, mouse, scanner

• Output Devices: Monitor, speakers, printer

• Storage Devices: Hard drives, flash disks, memory cards

• Processing Devices: CPU, motherboard

• Communication Devices: Network interface cards, modems

Creating a table with examples under each category helps with retention and comparison.

4. Observe real hardware and identify ports and connectors
Learners physically examine devices to locate and identify ports like USB, HDMI, VGA, and Ethernet. This activity helps them understand how devices connect to one another and how to correctly plug or unplug hardware.

5. Observe the internal parts of a system unit
With guidance, learners open a system unit to see internal components such as the motherboard, processor, RAM, and power supply. This practical exploration builds familiarity with the core elements that enable a computer to function.

6. Discuss the functions of hardware components
Each internal and external hardware component is examined for its role in the system. For example:

• The CPU processes instructions

• RAM temporarily stores data in use

• The motherboard connects all components together

• Storage devices save data for future use

Understanding these roles helps learners see how hardware supports tasks like typing, saving, and printing.

7. Distinguish between system units and peripheral devices
Learners differentiate between the core part of the computer — the system unit — and the external devices connected to it, known as peripherals (e.g., keyboards, projectors). This distinction helps when assembling or troubleshooting a system.

8. Identify characteristics of different types of computers
Learners explore and compare various computer types:

• Desktops: Stationary, powerful, easy to upgrade

• Laptops: Portable, battery-powered, all-in-one

• Tablets: Lightweight, touchscreen-based

• Servers: Powerful machines used to manage networks

Learners consider the best use case for each type based on mobility, power, and functionality.

9. Compare the advantages and disadvantages of different types of computers
Using the computer types above, learners create comparison charts that highlight each device’s benefits and limitations. For instance:

• Desktops are cheaper and more powerful but immobile

• Laptops are portable but may be harder to upgrade

• Tablets are user-friendly but have limited functionality

This comparison builds critical thinking and helps in informed decision-making.

10. Draw hardware components and label parts
Learners sketch hardware such as a keyboard, mouse, or internal components of a system unit. Labeling the parts reinforces memorization and spatial understanding, especially for visual learners.

11. Describe precautions when handling hardware
Learners list safety practices for hardware care:

• Turn off devices before unplugging

• Avoid food and drinks near machines

• Keep equipment dust-free

• Do not touch internal parts with wet hands

This knowledge promotes safe and responsible use of ICT equipment in school and beyond.

12. Observe and practise connecting hardware components
Learners engage in hands-on practice by connecting a mouse, keyboard, monitor, or projector to a system unit. This activity teaches careful handling and correct pairing of devices with their respective ports.

13. Describe how hardware and software work together
Finally, learners explore the essential relationship between hardware and software. They learn that:

• Hardware is useless without software to give it instructions

• Software cannot run without hardware to process it

For example, a keyboard (hardware) is only useful when paired with a word processor (software). This synergy is at the core of all computer operations.

Final Word to Learners

By the end of this topic, you will be able to:

• Clearly explain what computer hardware is and give real-world examples

• Categorize hardware into input, output, processing, storage, and communication devices

• Describe the function of both internal and external components

• Handle, maintain, and connect hardware responsibly

• Understand how hardware and software depend on each other to work effectively

This topic builds your foundational knowledge for future ICT skills such as maintenance, repair, and advanced systems configuration.